A water distiller boils tap water into steam and condenses it back into liquid, leaving behind minerals, heavy metals like lead, most bacteria, and dissolved solids. It is the most thorough purification method you can run on a kitchen counter, which is why the best water distillers are a popular alternative to bottled water and pitcher filters.
The units differ more than they look. Some finish a gallon in four hours while others take closer to six; some run a full 304 stainless steel chamber into a glass carafe, while budget models use food-grade plastic. A few skip electricity entirely and work on a stovetop for off-grid use. The right pick depends on whether you care most about materials, speed, price, or power independence.
We compared the units below on build quality, output, safety certifications, and filter cost, then checked each against verified owner feedback. Here is our breakdown of the best water distillers for the home.
- Porcelain-lined nozzle
- High-quality charcoal filters
- UL-approved
- Scale-resistant boiling tray
- Process in four hours
- Added safety features
- Works on any stovetop
- 18/8 stainless steel
- 5-year warranty
- 750-watt heating element
- Features an on/off switch
- Food-grade materials
Our Review Criteria: At Sensible Digs, our distiller picks come from a structured comparison rather than a single favorite. For each unit we weigh the factors that actually decide a purchase: the materials that touch the water (we favor 304 stainless steel boiling chambers and glass carafes over plastic), independent safety certification such as a UL listing or FDA-grade construction, gallons-per-cycle output and the hours each batch takes, the cost and lifespan of replacement carbon filters, and how easy the chamber is to descale. We read through verified owner reviews to confirm that real-world reliability matches the spec sheet, and we cross-check claims against manufacturer documentation. Every recommendation is confirmed to be currently available before it runs, and when a unit is discontinued we replace it with a comparable in-stock model rather than leave a dead link. The aim is a list you can buy from with confidence, grounded in the durable facts that still matter a year from now.
Types of Water Distillers
Distillers generally fall into two categories. One relies on electricity and sits on your counter, while the other requires an external heat source.
Countertop Distillers
Countertop distillers are the most common choice for home use. You simply plug the unit into an electrical outlet, fill the reservoir, and hit a button. The machine heats the water into steam, which then condenses back into liquid form, leaving contaminants behind.
These units are convenient for daily use and require very little monitoring. However, they rely on electricity, meaning they won’t work during a power outage unless you have a generator. They also tend to process water slowly, so planning ahead is necessary.
Pros
- Convenient push-button operation
- No external heat source needed
- Compact design
Cons
- Requires electricity
- Can take hours to process one batch
Non-Electric Distillers
Non-electric distillers look like a stacked set of heavy-duty cookware. You set the assembly on a heat source, a gas burner, induction or ceramic cooktop, or an open flame, and the rising steam condenses in a pan of cool water on top.
These are the go-to for emergency preparedness and off-grid living, because they keep working when the power does not. With no heating element, motor, or fan, there is far less to fail. The trade-off is attention: you control the heat manually and have to keep an eye on the water level, so they are not a set-and-forget appliance.
Pros
- Works without electricity
- Ideal for camping, emergencies, and off-grid use
- Few parts that can break
Cons
- Requires manual monitoring
- Needs a working stovetop or heat source
Things to Consider
All distillers use the same basic physics to purify water, but the user experience varies wildly between models. Here is what you should consider before buying:
Intended Use
Determine why you need the distiller. If you need a consistent supply of clean water for your kitchen, an electric countertop model is the most convenient choice. If you are building an emergency kit or plan to distill water while camping, a non-electric manual unit is the better option.
Water Capacity
Check how much water the unit can produce in one cycle. Most countertop models produce one gallon per cycle. If you have a large family, you may need a unit with a faster processing speed or a larger holding tank to keep up with demand.
Portability
Consider where the unit will live. If it stays on your kitchen counter, weight isn’t a major issue. However, if you plan to move it between a vacation home and your main residence, look for a model with a handle and a lightweight plastic body rather than heavy glass components.
Materials Used
Pay attention to what touches your water. Many users prefer stainless steel interiors and glass collection carafes to ensure the water never touches plastic. While high-quality BPA-free plastic is safe, glass and metal generally offer better durability and flavor preservation.
Budget and Running Costs
Calculate the long-term cost. While the initial price tag matters, you should also consider the cost of electricity and replacement carbon filters. Some budget models may be cheaper upfront but less energy-efficient over time.
Product Reviews
We analyzed user feedback, specifications, and build quality to find the most reliable machines on the market. Here are the top eight water distillers available right now:
Megahome Countertop Water Distiller
Best Stainless Steel Water Distiller
The Megahome Countertop Water Distiller is a reliable workhorse that processes one gallon of water in roughly 5.5 hours. It features a full stainless steel interior, ensuring your water never comes into contact with plastic during the boiling process. The collection carafe is made of glass, which preserves the purity and taste of the finished product.
This unit operates on standard 110, 120 volt systems found in the US and Canada. The package includes a detachable power cord and a bottle of cleaner to help remove mineral residue from the boiling chamber.
What We Like
Porcelain-Lined Nozzle
Megahome prioritizes purity with its design. The nozzle is lined with non-porous, lead-free porcelain. This means the distilled water transitions from the stainless steel chamber to the glass carafe without ever touching plastic, preventing any potential chemical leaching or plastic taste.
Charcoal Filtration
This model includes charcoal filters to polish the water after distillation. The charcoal removes any residual volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that might have evaporated with the steam. The kit comes with six filters, which is enough to last the average user about six months.
UL-Approved Safety
Safety is a major selling point for this unit. It is UL (Underwriters Laboratory) approved, meaning it has passed rigorous independent safety testing. Since distillation involves boiling water and high heat, having a certified appliance offers peace of mind and often complies with strict home insurance requirements.
Automatic Shut-Off
You don’t need to watch this machine boil dry. It features an automatic shut-off switch that powers down the unit once the distillation cycle is complete. This prevents the heating element from overheating and saves electricity.
What We Don't Like
Assembly Required
You have to assemble the unit out of the box. While not impossible, the setup involves a few steps that might be tricky if you aren’t handy with tools.
Operating Noise
The cooling fan generates a noticeable hum. Since the process takes over five hours, the noise might be distracting if you keep the distiller in a main living area or a quiet office.
Product Specs
| Dimensions | 10 inches by 10 inches by 14 inches |
| Weight | 11 pounds |
| Type | Countertop |
| Capacity | 1 gallon |
| Additional Features | Auto-off; carbon filter |
Our Ratings
H2oLabs Stainless Steel Water Distiller
Best Charcoal Filter
H2oLabs combines a stainless steel interior with a BPA-free outer casing to create a durable, one-gallon distiller. The unit comes with a glass carafe that features an ergonomic handle for easy pouring. To maintain water purity, the nozzle utilizes a porcelain insert.
This model stands out for its filtration capabilities. It includes a year’s supply of carbon filters, making it a great value for those concerned about VOCs and taste quality.
What We Like
Optimized Heating Speed
Boiling water too fast can actually be detrimental to the distillation process. This unit uses a heating element sized to boil water at a steady rate. This prevents water from splashing into the cooling coil and ensures a higher purity level in the final product.
Strictly BPA-Free
H2oLabs ensures that any plastic used in the construction is strictly BPA-free and food-safe. Even though the water primarily touches steel and glass, this extra layer of safety guarantees that no harmful chemicals will leach into your supply.
Superior Carbon Pods
The included carbon pods are larger and more effective than standard sachets. They contain more activated carbon, which means they last twice as long and filter out more contaminants. This results in water that tastes crisp and clean.
Cleaning Is Simple
The design features a wide opening on the boiling chamber. This makes it easy to reach inside and scrub away mineral scale. The manufacturer also includes a jar of non-toxic cleaning crystals to help break down hard water buildup.
What We Don't Like
North American Voltage Only
This unit is wired specifically for 110, 120 volt outlets. Using it with an adapter in countries with higher voltage is dangerous and will damage the machine.
Slower Processing Time
Quality takes time. It takes about six hours to produce one gallon of water. While the slower boil improves water quality, it limits your daily production to about four gallons maximum.
Product Specs
| Dimensions | 16.5 inches by 12 inches by 11.3 inches |
| Weight | 13.18 pounds |
| Type | Countertop |
| Capacity | 1 gallon |
| Additional Features | Cleaning crystals; carbon filters; BPA-free |
Our Ratings
Rovsun Countertop Water Distiller
Best Budget Water Distiller
The Rovsun Countertop Water Distiller offers a balance of speed and affordability. Constructed from food-grade BPA-free plastic and 304 stainless steel, it is built to handle daily use. The integrated charcoal filter helps polish the water for better taste.
Operation is intuitive thanks to a simple push-button interface. The unit also features an automatic shut-off for safety. Setup is minimal, so you can start distilling water shortly after unboxing.
What We Like
Rapid Distillation
This machine is built for speed. It can process a gallon of water in approximately four hours, which is significantly faster than many competitors. This allows you to produce up to six gallons of water in a single day if you run it continuously.
Powerful Element
A 750-watt heating element drives the rapid distillation process. Despite the high power, safety isn’t compromised; the unit automatically shuts down when the water level gets too low to prevent overheating.
Quiet Operation
Despite its power, the motor and fan are surprisingly quiet. You can run this unit in your kitchen overnight without the noise disturbing your sleep, which is a huge plus for smaller apartments.
Solid Warranty
Rovsun backs this product with a one-year warranty. If the unit fails or you are unsatisfied, they offer a replacement or refund. This reduces the risk of trying out a more budget-friendly brand.
What We Don't Like
Energy Consumption
The 750-watt element works fast, but it draws a significant amount of power. If your electricity rates are high, running this machine frequently could impact your utility bill.
Funnel Alignment
There is a small metal piece that directs water into the carafe. You must align this perfectly, or the water will drip onto the counter instead of into the jar. Double-check this every time you start a cycle to avoid a messy cleanup.
Product Specs
| Dimensions | 9.1 inches by 9.1 inches by 15.3 inches |
| Weight | 10.6 pounds |
| Type | Countertop |
| Capacity | 1 gallon |
| Additional Features | Chamber cleaning powder; power cord; filter; auto-off |
Our Ratings
H2o Labs Water Distiller
Easiest to Fill
Refilling a water distiller can be a hassle, but the H2o Labs Model 200 solves that problem. The reservoir is designed to be easily filled directly from your tap, or via a water-feed valve for continuous operation. It eliminates the need to lug the heavy base unit to the sink.
The interface is user-friendly, featuring an LED indicator that alerts you when the system needs a reset. It’s a “set it and forget it” machine that stops automatically once it produces a gallon of water.
What We Like
Easy-Clean Boiling Tray
Limescale is the enemy of all distillers. This model features a stick-resistant boiling tray that reduces mineral adhesion. This means you spend less time scrubbing scale off the bottom of the chamber.
Reduced Maintenance Frequency
Thanks to the design of the heating element and boiling tray, you don’t need to clean this unit after every single cycle. A deep clean is typically only required every six cycles, making it far less high-maintenance than standard stainless steel models.
Fast Processing
This unit is efficient, capable of producing one gallon in about four hours. It begins producing distilled water within five minutes of startup, so you don’t have to wait long to see results.
Thermal Safety
The unit includes thermal overload protection and a thermoplastic boiling tray that won’t warp under heat. It shuts off automatically when the cycle finishes, ensuring safe operation even if you aren’t in the room.
What We Don't Like
Higher Price Point
Convenience comes at a cost. This model is significantly more expensive than basic countertop units. It is an investment for those who value ease of use over raw budget savings.
Ongoing Filter Costs
To keep the water tasting its best, you need to replace the pads and filters regularly, typically every month. These ongoing costs add up over the life of the machine.
Plastic Construction Feel
While durable, the plastic body can feel a bit lightweight compared to steel models. Some users report that it vibrates or wobbles slightly during operation, lacking the solid, heavy feel of a metal appliance.
Product Specs
| Dimensions | 15.94 inches by 12.6 inches 12.17 inches |
| Weight | 8.57 pounds |
| Type | Countertop |
| Capacity | 1 gallon |
| Additional Features | LED indicator, lift-out tank, continuous water-feed valve, auto turn-off |
Our Ratings
VEVOR Countertop Water Distiller
Best Water Distiller for Traveling
VEVOR’s current countertop distiller is the model to reach for when you want purified water that travels. It pairs a 304 stainless steel boiling chamber with a BPA-free plastic collection container, which keeps the total weight low enough to move between a kitchen, an RV, and a vacation rental without much fuss. A single button starts the cycle, so there is nothing to learn before your first batch.
This is the updated version of VEVOR’s earlier white distiller, and the changes are practical ones: aluminum fan blades for faster cooling and a stainless steel exhaust cap in place of the old plastic one. It runs on standard 110, 120 volt outlets and ships with carbon packs and citric acid for descaling.
What We Like
Light Enough to Pack
The plastic collection container is the reason this unit makes the travel pick: it shaves off the weight a glass carafe adds, so the whole kit is easy to box up for a trip. If you want pure water at a cabin or in an RV and have a standard outlet, this is a sensible way to get it without hauling a heavy steel-and-glass machine.
Auto Shut-Off at 239F
The distiller cuts power on its own once the internal temperature passes 239 degrees Fahrenheit, which protects the heating element from boiling dry. That margin of safety matters more on a unit you may run unattended in an unfamiliar space.
Roughly Six Gallons a Day
The 750-watt element produces about 1.1 gallons in four hours and up to six gallons across a full day. That is enough to cover drinking water plus fill a CPAP reservoir, a humidifier, or a steam iron, all of which last longer on distilled water.
Upgraded Cooling and Cap
The aluminum fan blades pull heat off the condensing coils faster than the previous plastic-fan version, so the carafe cools sooner and you can start the next batch with less downtime. Swapping the exhaust cap to stainless steel also removes a plastic part from the steam path.
What We Don't Like
Plastic Collection Container
The carafe is BPA-free plastic, not glass. It is food-safe and far more travel-durable, but if you specifically want your finished water to touch only steel and glass, a countertop model with a glass carafe is the better fit.
First Batches Taste Off
Like most new distillers, the first cycle or two can carry a manufacturing taste, so run and discard a batch before drinking. It is a one-time break-in step, but worth knowing if you expect perfect water out of the box.
Carbon Packs Are Optional, Not Endless
The included carbon packs polish out residual VOCs, but they are consumable and the kit only includes a starter set. Plan on buying replacements if your source water is heavily chlorinated.
Product Specs
| Capacity | 1.1 gallons (4 liters) |
| Power | 750 watts |
| Type | Countertop |
| Materials | 304 stainless steel chamber; BPA-free plastic container |
| Additional Features | One-button start; auto shut-off; aluminum fan; carbon packs; citric acid |
Our Ratings
Kitchen Crop Little Creek Stainless Steel Water Distiller
Best Non-Electric Water Distiller
The Kitchen Crop Little Creek (model VKP1208) is the distiller to own if you want clean water that does not depend on the grid. There is no cord, element, or fan: you stack the boiling pan, the steam dome, and a water-filled condenser pan on top of any stovetop and let physics do the rest. That makes it the most credible non-electric pick here, because it is purpose-built for stovetop distilling rather than a moonshine still pressed into the role.
It is built from 18/8 stainless steel with a heavy clad bottom that spreads heat evenly, and it ships with a high-temperature silicone drain hose. Because nothing is plugged in, it doubles as emergency-kit gear and even works as a double boiler or for rendering lard and tallow when you are not distilling.
What We Like
Works on Any Stovetop
The Little Creek runs on induction, electric, ceramic, and gas cooktops, and on an open flame in a power outage. That flexibility is the whole point of a non-electric unit: as long as you can make heat, you can make distilled water, with no outlet required.
Genuinely Quiet
With no fan or pump, the only sound is the burner under it. Electric distillers run a cooling fan for hours, so if the constant hum of a countertop model bothers you, a stovetop still sidesteps that entirely.
Solid Stainless Build, 5-Year Warranty
The 18/8 stainless construction and heavy clad base are made to last, and Kitchen Crop backs the unit with a five-year warranty, longer than the one-year coverage typical of budget electric distillers. The pans are also dishwasher safe, which makes descaling far less of a chore.
Doubles as Cookware
The condenser and water pans work as a double boiler, and the kit can render animal fat into lard or tallow. For an off-grid or emergency setup, a tool that earns its shelf space twice over is worth more than a single-purpose appliance.
What We Don't Like
Needs Active Monitoring
This is not a set-and-forget machine. You control the burner and have to keep an eye on the water level and the cool water in the top pan, refreshing it as it warms. Expect to stay in the kitchen while it runs, unlike an auto-shutoff electric model.
Output Depends on Your Heat
Production tops out around one quart per hour, roughly four hours per gallon, but only if you hold a steady boil. A weak burner or a thin pot under it will slow that down, so results vary more than with a fixed-wattage electric element.
Refresh the Condenser Water
The cooling pan on top has to stay cool to condense the steam efficiently. On a long run you will need to swap out the warmed water a few times, which is one more manual step a plug-in distiller handles for you.
Product Specs
| Dimensions | 15.5 inches by 11.75 inches by 13 inches |
| Weight | About 9 pounds |
| Type | Non-electric (stovetop) |
| Capacity | 2 gallons (boiling pan) |
| Additional Features | 18/8 stainless steel; works on all stovetops; silicone drain hose; double-boiler use; 5-year warranty |
Our Ratings
Mophorn Countertop Stainless Steel Water Distiller
Easiest Operation
The Mophorn Water Distiller is all about simplicity. It offers an easy setup and straightforward controls, making it perfect for beginners. The design allows for easy access to the water chamber, simplifying the cleaning process.
Materials include 304 stainless steel and food-grade BPA-free plastic. It also features a dedicated on/off switch, giving you more control than models that simply start when plugged in.
What We Like
High-Speed Production
With a 750-watt element, this machine is a speed demon. It can process a gallon of water in roughly four hours. This capacity allows for up to six gallons of production per day, suitable for larger families.
User-Friendly Controls
The inclusion of a physical on/off switch is a small but significant feature. Many distillers must be unplugged to stop the cycle, but this model allows you to pause or stop the process with a simple click.
Aesthetic Options
Unlike the standard white or silver appliances, Mophorn offers this unit in various colors. You can choose a finish that matches your kitchen decor, making the appliance feel like a part of the room rather than an eyesore.
Safe Materials
The internal components that touch the water are made from food-grade 304 stainless steel. This ensures durability and safety, as this grade of steel is resistant to corrosion and rust.
What We Don't Like
Plastic Collection Jug
The included collection container is made of food-safe plastic. While durable and lightweight, plastic can sometimes retain odors. If you are strictly plastic-free, you will need to buy a separate glass carafe.
Noise Level
The cooling fan is powerful, which translates to more noise. It’s not deafening, but it is noticeable. If you are sensitive to background hums, you might want to run this in a laundry room or garage.
Product Specs
| Dimensions | 19.2 inches by 14.2 inches by 11.3 inches |
| Weight | 14.4 pounds |
| Type | Countertop |
| Capacity | 1 gallon |
| Additional Features | On/off button; carrying handle; aluminum fan |
Our Ratings
CO-Z Stainless Steel Water Distiller
Best FDA-Approved Home Water Distiller
The CO-Z Water Distiller is built to meet strict safety standards. Every component is made from food-safe materials, backed by FDA approval. It features a glass carafe with a protective plastic handle to prevent accidental burns.
Operation is simple with a single-button start. The machine automatically shuts off when the internal temperature hits 300 degrees Fahrenheit. It also comes with a one-year warranty for added peace of mind.
What We Like
Filter-Free Maintenance
This unit is designed to work effectively without disposable filters. This reduces ongoing costs and maintenance hassles. You simply fill, distill, and clean the chamber.
Powerful Performance
The 750-watt heating element distills water quickly, handling a full gallon in about four hours. The thermostat control prevents overheating, protecting the machine from burnout.
Effective Purification
Even without a charcoal filter, the distillation process effectively removes dissolved solids, bacteria, and VOCs. The 304 stainless steel interior ensures the water remains pure throughout the heating and cooling phases.
Safety Reset
If the machine shuts off due to low water, a safety reset button allows you to restart it easily once refilled. This protects the heating element while keeping the operation simple.
What We Don't Like
Best Supervised
While it has an auto-shutoff, it is best practice to turn the machine off manually before it boils completely dry. This prevents the mineral residue from baking onto the bottom, making cleanup much easier.
No Charcoal Filter Included
The lack of a charcoal filter means some VOCs might remain if your source water is heavily contaminated with them. If you are particularly sensitive to taste or odors, you might miss the final polishing stage that carbon filters provide.
Product Specs
| Dimensions | 18.9 inches by 11.2 inches by 13.6 inches |
| Weight | 14.62 pounds |
| Type | Countertop |
| Capacity | 1 gallon |
| Additional Features | Safety off; reset button |
Our Ratings
| Product | Best | Dimensions | Weight |
| Megahome Countertop | Stainless Steel | 10″ x 10″ x 14″ | 11 lbs |
| H2oLabs Stainless Steel | Charcoal Filter | 16.5″ x 12″ x 11.3″ | 13.18 lbs |
| Rovsun Countertop | Budget Buy | 9.1″ x 9.1″ x 15.3″ | 10.6 lbs |
| H2o Labs | Easiest to Fill | 15.94″ x 12.6″ x 12.17″ | 8.57 lbs |
| VEVOR Countertop | For Traveling | 9.3″ dia. x 15.2″ | 7.3 lbs |
| Kitchen Crop Little Creek | Non-Electric | 15.5″ x 11.75″ x 13″ | ~9 lbs |
| Mophorn Countertop Stainless Steel | Easiest Operation | 19.2″ x 14.2″ x 11.3″ | 14.4 lbs |
| CO-Z Stainless Steel | FDA-Approved | 18.9″ x 11.2″ x 13.6″ | 14.62 lbs |
Water Distiller FAQs
Does Distilled Water Taste Different?
Yes, it usually tastes “flatter” than tap water. Because distillation removes minerals like calcium and magnesium, the water has no flavor profile. If you miss the taste, try chilling the water in the fridge or adding a squeeze of lemon.
Do I Need the Minerals the Distillation Process Removes?
You do need minerals, but water isn’t the most efficient source for them. You get the vast majority of your daily minerals from a balanced diet of fruits, vegetables, and whole foods. Drinking distilled water will not cause a mineral deficiency if you eat well.
Is a Water Distiller Worth the Money?
Yes, if you want pure water without the plastic waste. While there is an upfront cost for the machine and a small cost for electricity, it is significantly cheaper per gallon than buying bottled water. Plus, you never run out of supply.
How Long Does It Take to Distill Water?
A standard countertop unit takes between 4 to 6 hours to produce one gallon, so distilling water is a slow process. It takes roughly 10 times longer to distill water than it does to simply boil it.
Will Distilled Water Leach Minerals From My Body?
No, this is a common myth. There is no scientific evidence that drinking distilled water leaches minerals from your bones or cells. Your body regulates mineral levels efficiently through your kidneys.
Are an Alcohol Distiller and Water Distiller the Same?
They are similar but operate at different temperatures. Alcohol boils at 173°F, while water boils at 212°F. While some manual stills can do both, electric water distillers run too hot for making quality alcohol and are not safe for that purpose.
Are Water Distillers Only for Drinking Water?
No, distilled water is incredibly useful around the house. You can use it in steam irons, humidifiers, CPAP machines, and car radiators. Using distilled water prevents mineral buildup (scale), extending the life of your appliances.
Is Drinking Distilled Water Healthy?
Yes, it is perfectly healthy for most people. It is simply water with the impurities removed. It is an excellent choice for anyone looking to avoid chlorine, lead, bacteria, and other tap water contaminants.
How Long Do Water Distillers Last?
A well-maintained distiller can last 10 to 15 years. The heating elements are durable, and there are few moving parts to break. The most common maintenance item is replacing the carbon filter, which is cheap and easy to do.
What Are the Disadvantages of a Water Distiller?
The main downsides are time and energy. Distilling is slow, producing water drop by drop. It also uses electricity to boil the water for hours, which adds a small amount to your utility bill. Additionally, the process removes minerals, leading to a flat taste that some people dislike.
Is Reverse Osmosis Water the Same as Distilled Water?
No. Reverse osmosis (RO) forces water through a membrane to filter out contaminants, while distillation boils water and collects the steam. Distillation is generally more effective at killing bacteria and viruses, while RO is faster and uses less energy.
What Is the Best Water Distiller Brand?
Megahome and H2oLabs lead on build quality, with full stainless interiors, glass carafes, and UL safety listing on the Megahome. For value, VEVOR and CO-Z deliver reliable countertop units at lower prices. If you need a non-electric option, Kitchen Crop’s stovetop stills are the established name. The best brand depends on whether you prioritize materials, price, or off-grid use.
How Often Should I Clean My Water Distiller?
You should rinse the boiling chamber after every cycle to remove loose mineral deposits. A deep clean with vinegar or a descaling solution is recommended every few weeks, or whenever you see stubborn scale buildup on the heating element.
